1. Punitive Damages
2. John Y. Gotanda, “Charting Developments Concerning Punitive Damages: Is the Tide Changing?” Cornel Law Review, 2009, vol. 94, p. 239.
3. Wittich, S., “Punitive Damages in the Law of State Responsibility”, Austrian Review of International and European Law. 1998, vol. 3, p. 31.
4. Zipursky, Benjamin C., “A Theory of Punitive Damages”, Texas Law Review, (2005) vol, 84, p. 105.
- Sebok, Anthony J., “Punitive Damages: from Myth to Theory”, Brooklyn Law school, paper No. 59; Also available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=894390, 92 Iowa Law Review 2007, at 957.
- Sharkey, Catherine M., “Punitive Damages as Societal Damages”, The Yale Law Journal, 2003, vol.113. page 347.
- Galanter, Marc; Luban, David; “Poetic Justice: Punitive Damages and Legal Pluralism”, The American University Law Review, Summer 1993, p. 1.
5. Markel, Dan, “Retributive Damages: A Theory of Punitive Damages as Intermediate Sanction”,Cornel Law Review, vol. 94, 2009 at 239.
6. Eisenberg, Theodore, “Measuring the Deterrent Effect of Punitive Damages”,1998-1999, 347.
7. Gotanda, John Y., “Punitive Damages: A Comparative Analysis”, Villanova University School of Law (School of Law Working Paper Series), Year 2003, Paper 8, http://law.bepress.com/villanovalwps/papers/art8.
8. Zipursky, Benjamin C., “A Theory of Punitive Damages”, Texas Law Review, (2005) vol. 84 page 105.
9. Sebok, Anthony J., “Punitive Damages: From Myth to Theory”, Brooklyn Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series Paper No.59 and Princeton University Program in Law and Public Affairs Paper No. 06-015. This paper can be downloaded from the Social Science Research Network at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=894390.
10. Hersch Joni; Viscusi, W. Kip, “Punitive Damages: How Judges and Juries Perform,” Discussion Paper No. 362 05/2002. Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA 02138.This paper can be downloaded without charge from: The Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series: http//www.law.harvard.edu/
programs/olin_center/.
11. Eisenberg, Theodore; Lafontaine, Neil; Ostrom, Brian; Rittman, David; Wells, Martin T., “Juries,Judges, and Punitive Damages: An Empirical Study”, Cornell Law Review, 2001-2002, vol. 87, p.743.
12. Sunstein, Cass R; Kahneman, Daniel and Schkade, David, “Assessing Punitive Damages (With Notes on Cognition and Valuation in Law)”, Chicago Working Paper in Law and Economics, (Second Series) 1997, p. 1.
13. Landes, William M., and Posner, Richard A., “New Light on Punitive Damages”, Regulation, September 10, 1986.
14. Abraham, Kenneth S. and Jeffries, John C., Jr., “Punitive Damages and the Rule of Law: The Role of Defendant’s Wealth”, (1989), 18 Journal of Legal Studies, 415-425.
15. Biggar, Darryl A, “A Model of Punitive Damages in Tort”, (1995) , 15 International Review of Law and Economics, 1-24.
16. Boyd, James and Ingberman, Daniel E., “Do Punitive Damages Promote Deterrence?” Business Law and Econonomics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, (1995), BLE-95-08.
17. Calabresi, Guido and Melamed, A. Douglas, “Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral”, (1972), 85 Harvard Law Review, 1089-1128.
18. Chapman, Bruce and Trebilcock, Michael, “Punitive Damages: Divergence in Search of a Rationale”, 40 Alabama Law Review, (1989), 741- 829.
19. Cooter, Robert D, “Economic Analysis of Punitive Damages”, (1982), 56 Southern California Law Review, 79-101.
20. Cooter, Robert D., “Punitive Damages for Deterrence: When and How Much?”, 40 Alabama Law Review, (1989), 1143-1196.
21. Craswell, Richard, “Damage Multipliers in Market Relationships”, (1996), 25 Journal of Legal Studies, 463-492.
22. Daniels, Stephen and Martin, Joanne, “Myth and Reality in Punitive Damages”, (1990), 75 Minnesota Law Review, 1-64.
23. Daughety, Andrew F. and Reinganum, Jennifer F., “Everybody Out of the Pool: Products Liability, Punitive Damages, and Competition”, (1997a), 12 Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 410- 432.
24. Daughety, Andrew F. and Reinganum, Jennifer F., “Settlement, Deterrence and the Economics of Punitive Damages Reform”, Department of Economics and Business Administration, Vanderbilt University (1997b), Working Paper No. 97-W04.
25. Diamond, Peter, “Efficiency Effects of Punitive Damages,” Department of Economics, M.I.T., (1997a), Working Paper No. 97-17.
26. Diamond, Peter, “Integrating Punishment and Efficiency Concerns in Punitive Damages for Reckless Disregard of Risks to Others,” Department of Economics, M.I.T., (1997b), Working Paper No. 97-19.
27. Dobbs, Dan B., “Ending Punishment in ‘Punitive’ Damages: Deterrence-Measured Remedies”, (1989), 40 Alabama Law Review, 831-917.
28. Eisenberg, Theodore, Goerdt, John, Ostrom, Brian, Rottman, David and Wells, Martin T. “The Predictability of Punitive Damages”, (1997), 26 Journal of Legal Studies, 623-661.
29. Ellis, Dorsey D., Jr., “Fairness and Efficiency in the Law of Punitive Damages”, (1982), 56 Southern California Law Review, 1-78.
30. Farber, Daniel A., “Reassessing the Economic Efficiency of Compensatory Damages for Breach of Contract”, (1980), 66 Virginia Law Review, 1443-1484.
31. Friedman, David, “An Economic Explanation of Punitive Damages”, (1989), 40 Alabama Law Review, 1125-1142.
32. Galanter, Marc, “Real World Torts: An Antidote to Anecdote”, (1996), 55 Maryland Law Review, 1093-1160.
33. Galligan, Thomas C. Jr., “Augmented Awards: The Efficient Evolution of Punitive Damages”, (1990), 51 Louisiana Law Review, 3-85.
34. Haddock, David D., McChesney, Fred S. and Spiegel, Menahem, “An Ordinary Economic Rationale for Extraordinary Legal Sanctions”, (1990), 78 California Law Review, 1-51.
35. Belli Melivn, “Punitive Damages: Their History, Their Use, and Their Worth in Present-Day Society,” Kansas City Law Review, 1980. vol. 44, University of Missouri.
36. Daniels, Stephen, “Punitive Damages: Storm on the Horizon?” American Bar Foundation, 1986a.
37. Daniels, Stephen, “Punitive Damages: The Real Story,” 1986b, ABA Journal, August.
38. DuBois, Grant P., “Punitive Damages: Bonanza or Disaster,” Litigation, 1976, vol. 3, No. 35,.
39. Levine, Harvey R., “Demonstrating and Preserving the Deterrent Effect of Punitive Damages in Insurance Bad Faith Actions,” University of San Francisco Law Review, 1979, vol. 13.
40. Morrison, John W., “Punitive Damages and Why the Reinsurer Cares”, The Forum, 1984, vol. 20, No. 73.
41. National Association of Independent Insurers, “Punitive Damages and the Civil Justice System”, Des Plaines, Ill., 1985.
42. Peterson, Mark A., “Punitive Damages: Preliminary Empirical Findings”, The RAND Corporation, N-2342-ICJ, August 1985.
43. Sales, James B., and Kenneth B. Cole, Jr. “Punitive Damages: A Relic That Has Outlived Its Origins”, Vanderbilt Law Review, 1984, vol. 37, No. 1117.
44 . ندرتي، اكبر؛ مطالعه تطبيقي خسارت تنبيهي، پايان نامه كارشناسي ارشد حقوق خصوصي دانشگاه تهران، واحد پرديس . قم، 1386 ، ص 67
45 . عبدالهي، محسن ،« خسارت تنبيهي در حقوق بين الملل » ؛ مجله حقوقي، نشريه دفتر خدمات حقوقي بين المللي، شماره 30 . بهار 1383 ، ص 118
46. Z: Hersch, Joni; Viscusi, W. Kip, “Punitive Damages: How Judges and Juries Perform”, Harvard Law Review, Discussion paper No 362, 2002, available at (http://www.Law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_ centr/.)
47. Black, Henry Campbell, Black's Law Dictionary, Fourth Ed, West Publication, London, 1968, Damages, p. 164. “Damages award in addition to actual damages when the defendant acted with recklessness, malice or deceit…”.
48. Rogers W.V.H., The Law of Tort, Fundamental Principles of Law, Sweet and Maxwell Publication, London, 1989, p. 206.
49. Gotando, John, Y. (Supra) page 1-15. (Exemplary Relied).
50 . عبدالهي؛ همان، ص 89
51. Wilkes v. Wood .
52. Mark Lunny and Ken Oliphant , Tort Law, Waterloo Publication, London, 2002, p. 712.
53. Rookers v. Barnard [1964], All E.R. 367: Manson v. Associated Newspaper Ltd. [1965], 2 All E.R. 954.
54 . عبدالهي؛ همان، ص 92
55. Mark Lunny, Ken Oliphant, Tort Law, Waterloo Publication, London 2002. p. 718; David G. Owen, Philosophicality of Tort Law, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1995, p. 36. and 176.
56. Paul, C. Nelson, “Punishment for Profit: An Examination of the Punitive Damage Award in Strict Liability”, The Forum (A.B.A.), vol. 18, No. 3, (Spring 1983), pp. 377-394.
57 . ندرتي؛ همان، ص 26
نويسندگان:
مهراب داراب پور- نويسنده مسئول، دانشيار دانشگاه شهيد بهشتي
سعيد سلطاني احمدآباد- كارشناسي ارشد حقوق خصوصي و وكيل پايه يك دادگستري
